Ïa ka Reservation, la pynshong nongrim ha ka Article 14 jong ka Constitution of India, “Equality before Law,”kaba kren shaphang artylli ki mat, ka “Equality before the law” bad ka “Equal protection of the laws.” Ka mat ba nyngkong ka khang lad ïano ïano ban ïaid lait na ka aiñ. Ka mat ba ar pat ka ïada khnang ba yn ym don uno uno u ban shah leh shiliang ha khmat ka aiñ. Ka dei kane ka mat kaba ar kaba long ka nongrim jong ka Reservation. Ka principle jong ka mat ba ar ka long: “Ka jinglong mar katjuh hapdeng kiba ïa long lypa katjuh bad hapdeng ki bym pat ïalong katjuh ka dei ban ïapher.” Kaba mut ba, khnang ban ïada ïa baroh hakhmat ka aiñ, khnang ba kin ïa long markatjuh, hap don ka jingïapher keiñ ha ka jingmut jong ka kyntien Markatjuh, haba ngi ïa kren ïa ki ar mamla ki bym pat ïa long katjuh. Kaba mut ba, khnang ban ïoh ïa ka Equality ne JinglongMarkatjuh, ka jingleh ka dei ban ïapher keiñ hapdeng kiba lah long lypa mar katjuh bad hapdeng ki bym ïakot mar katjuh.
Te kumta, la bsut ïa ka Article 16 (4) jong ka Constitution kaba ong kumne: “Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favor of any backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not adequately represented in the services under the State.”
Ka dei kane ka bynta jong ka Constitution kaba pynkhamti ha ka State ïa ka bor ban buh ka bhah thungkam na bynta kito kiba dang sahdien, kiba ym pat ïoh ïa ka jingmihkhmat kaba biang ha ki kam sorkar. Te ka jingkylli ka long ka mut aïu”backward” bad ka mut aïu”not adequately represented”? Ka Supreme Court, ha u snem 2005, ha ka case “Ashoka Kumar Thakur Vs Union of India” ka la pynskhem ba ka jingmut “backward” kam mut ka jingsahdien tang ha ka roi ka por, ne ka ïoh ka kot, hynrei ka kynthup ruh ïa ka jingsahdien ha kiwei ki liang jong ka imlang sahlang bad ka pule puthi. Te ka shai ba lada don ka jingduna ha ka jingmihkhmat/representation ha ka liang ka pule puthi ne ka imlang sahlang, kum ka jingmih khmat ha ki kam sorkar, kata ka dei ka jingsahdien. Te ka article 16 (4) ka shai ba ka jinglong backward ne jingsahdien ka don jingïadei bha bad ka jingbym don jingmih khmat bamar katjuh ha ki kam sorkar lane “inadequate representation.” Te ka “adequate representation” ha ka context ne ka phang jong ka Equality kam mut ban ïoh thik mar katjuh (equal numbers), hynrei ban ïoh mar katjuh haba ïanujor bad ka jingdon paid (equal percentage), namar Representation hi kamut ban mihkhmat ïa u paidbah. Te kumno yn mihkhmat mar katjuh lada ym pynshong nongrim ha ka jingdon paid?
Ka Ministry of Home Affairs lyngba ka Resolution No.42/21/49-NGS, tarik 13.09.1950, ka lah buh ïa ka bhah jong ki SC bad ST ha ka 12.5% bad 5%.Ka Census jong u snem 1961 ka pyni ba ka population jong ki SC & ST ka long 14.64% & 6.80%.Te halor jong kane ka census, la pynkiew ïa ka bhah jong ki SC na ka 12.5% sha ka 15% bad ïa ka bhah jong ki ST na ka 5 sha ka 7.5%. Te kane ka‘precedence’ka shai ba ïa ki SC/ST,ka bhah ka shong nongrim katkum ka census lane ka population.
Shuh shuh, ka Frequently Ask Questions (FAQ) jong ka DoPTkaba phi lah ban khmih lyngba kaurlhttps://dopt.gov.in/sites/default/files/FAQ_SCST.pdf ka ong ha ka sla ba nyngkong ba”in case of direct recruitment to Group C and D posts which normally attracts candidates from a locality or region, percentage of Reservation for SCs/STs is general fixed in proportion to the population of SCs/STs in the respective States/UTs.” Kane ka kren shai ba ïa ka bhah jong ki SCs/STs lah buh katkum ka jingdon paid jong ki ha ki jylla ne Union Territories.Shuh shuh, ka Ministry of Heavy Industries & Public Enterprises lyngba ka shithi No. DPE-GM-/0001/2016-GM-FTS-5921 tarik 17.10.2016 ha ka point 2.3 ka ban ïa kajuh ka phang ba ïa ka bhah jong ki STs/SCs, lah buh katkum ka jingdon paid jong ki ha ki jylla ne Union Territories.
Te ka nongrim jong ka Reservation ka shong ha kine ki mat: Equality, Backwardness bad Adequate Representation. Bad ka kyntien “Representation” hi ka thew beit ïa ka jingmihkhmat jong u paidbah, lane ka jingmih khmat ha ki kam sorkar kaba mar katjuh haba nujor bad ka jingdon paid. Kaba mutba lada don 86% kikynhunsahdien ha Meghalaya, tekitakidei ban ïoh 86% jingmih khmat ne representation ha ki kam sorkar. Bad napdeng kine ki 86%, ngi don hok ban dawa ban ïa ïoh equal representation, lane ka jingmih khmat bamar katjuh, bad kata ka hap ïaid hi katkum ka jingdon paid lane ka population. Te ka jingdawa ban pynbeit ïa ka Reservation Policy ka long kaba shai, kaba skhem bad kaba dei hok.Te mynta, ka don kawei ka rai jong ka Supreme Court ha u snem 1992 kaba ong ba ka kyntien”adequate representation” kam donkam eh ban mut”proportionate representation.”
Kane ka case ka ïadei bad ka Reservation ïa ki OBC, kaba la sdang naduh u snem 1991, ha kaba ka Mandal Commission ka la bhah 27% Reservation ïa ki OBC, bad kam dei kaba thew ïa ka Reservation jong ki ST/SC kaba la ïaid katkum ka population naduh kaba sdang. Te ka daw ba ka Supreme Court, ha kane ka case “Indra Sawhneyvs Union of India” ka la rai ba ka kyntien “adequate representation” kam donkam eh ban mut ba hap ban pynshong nongrim ïa ka Reservation katkum ka jingdon paid, ka long ba haduh kane ka por, ka la don lypa ka bhah jong ki SC 15% bad ST 7.5% kaba long kyllum lang22.5%. Hynrei ka population jong ki OBC ka long 52% na ka population jong ka ri India. Telada ai bhah ïa ki OBC 52%, ka Reservation baroh kyllum lang kan poi shaduh 74.5%. Te ka Supreme Court ka la pynksan ban ai bhah ïa ki OBC 27 % khnang ba ka Reservation baroh kyllum lang kan nym tam ïa ka 50%. Te hynrei kane ka rai jong ka Supreme Court ka thew tang ïa ki OBC, ym ïa ki ST/SC.
Hynrei to ngin sngewthuh, ba ka Court ka la rai ba”adequate representation”kam donkam eh ban mut”proportionate representation”hynrei ka Court ka khlem rai pat ba ngim dei ban pynurlong ïa ka”adequate representation” da kaba pynshong nongrim ha ka”proportionate representation.” Namar kumba ngi la ïohi haneng, ka bhah ïa ki SCs/STs ka ïaid beit katkum ka jingdon paid lane proportion. Te ka rai jong ka Supreme Court ban nym pynshong nongrim ïa ka Reservation jong ki OBC katkum ka population kam ktah ïa ki STs/SCs hynrei ka dei beit ban nym pyntam ïa ka Reservation kyllum palat ïa ka 50%, da kaba buh ïa ka bhah jong ki OBC ha ka 27%.
Te katto, ka nongrim jong ngi ka la dei ban shai bad ka la dei ban skhem ba ka long kaba dei bad kaba hok.Te hynrei mynta ki don ki dkhot jong ka jylla bad jong ki political party kiba pyntieng kohtympan ba lada kane ka issue jong ka Reservation ka leit sha Supreme Court, yn sloit noh ïa ka Reservation hapoh ka jylla sha ka 50%. Hato kane ka long kaba dei?Em.
Hooid, ka Supreme Court ha ka case “Indra Sawhney& Others vs Union of India”, ha u snem 1992,ka lah rai ba ka Reservation kyllum kam dei ban tam ïa ka 50%, hynrei ha ka juh ka rai, ka Supreme Court ka ong ruh kumne: “While 50 per cent shall be the rule, it is necessary not to put out of consideration certaiñ extraordinary situations inherent in the great diversity of this country and the people.”
Shuhshuh, ka Supreme Court ka ong: “It might happen that in far-flung and remote areas the population inhabiting those areas might, on account of their being out of the maiñstream of national life and in view of conditions peculïar to and characteristical to them, need to be treated in a different way, some relaxation in this strict rule may become imperative. In doing so, extreme caution is to be exercised and a specïal case made out.”
Kam long kaba eh ban sngewthuh. Ka bhah SCs/STs ka ïaid beitkatkum ka proportion jong ka population. Ha kiwei ki Central Department bad kiwei ki jylla, lada jia ba ka bhah kyllumka tam 50%, kin pynbeit na ka bhah OBC. Ka 27% OBC ka mih naei? Ka mih namar ba ka bhah STs/SCs ka lah don lypa. Te balei ki khlem pynduna na ka bhah STs/SCs ban ïoh kham bun ka bhah OBC, khlem da tam 50%? Namar ka shai ba ïa ka bhah STs/SCs lah buh katkum ka proportion, hynrei dei ïa ka bhah OBC ba la pynbeit ban ym tam 50%.Ka shai ruh ba ha ka jylla Meghalaya, ha kaba ka population jong ki STs/SCs ka kot shaduh ka 86%, ka dei kawei na kita ki exceptional case ba ka kyndon 50% kam ktah namar ka jingdon jong kiwei ki general category ka long tang 15%, te kan ym don ka jingleh shiliang pyrshah ïa kino kino ki kynhun, katkum ka nongrim jongka Article 14 jong ka Constitution. Bad ka shai ruh ba ka article 16 (4) ka thew ïa ka jingmihkhmat ha ki kamsorkar katkum ka population. Te ka shai ruh ba ka rai jong ka Supreme Court ha ka “Indra Sawhneyvs Union of India” halor ka “adequate representation” ka thew ïa ki OBC, ym ïa ki ST/SC kiba la ïaid beit katkum ka jingdon paid lane proportion naduh kaba sdang. Bad nalor kane, ka precedence naduh ka 1961 census ka pynskhem ba ïa ki ST, ka Reservation la pynshong nongrim katkum ka jingdon paid.
